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- WORLD, Page 44SOVIET UNIONBreakaway Breadbasket
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- A Kremlin nightmare: the Ukraine seeks sovereignty
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- By JOHN KOHAN/LVOV
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- If the Ukrainian nationalist movement needed a Betsy Ross,
- it certainly found one in Orest Kaledin. On a stroll through
- Lvov (pop. 860,000), the largest city in the Western Ukraine,
- the biologist turned flagmaker points to five new
- yellow-and-blue national banners flapping from the town hall.
- They are his and his wife's handiwork, says Kaledin with pride.
- He dreams of designing uniforms and ensigns for a revived
- Ukrainian army. Pointing out a friend on the street -- a scrawny
- person of decidedly unmilitary bearing -- he explains
- confidentially that the young man is destined to become "one
- of our generals."
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- Flags are one thing. But an independent Ukraine with its own
- soldiers? The idea may not be so farfetched: in Kiev last week
- the parliament overwhelmingly passed a declaration of
- sovereignty. Stopping short of proclaiming full independence,
- the document insists that the republic's laws take precedence
- over Moscow's rule. Furthermore, the decree envisions a
- neutral, nuclear-free Ukraine with its own army and currency.
- Even the large bloc of Communist parliamentary deputies joined
- nationalists in pressing for a fundamental change in relations
- with Moscow.
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- Though the declaration leaves open the possibility for the
- Ukraine to enter voluntarily into a new union of Soviet
- republics, it goes further than a similar document passed last
- month in neighboring Russia. Thus the U.S.S.R.'s second largest
- republic, with a population of 52 million and some of the most
- fertile farmland, richest coal fields and largest industrial
- centers in the Soviet Union, has joined seven of the country's
- 14 other republics in formally loosening ties with the central
- government.
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- Nationalist fervor is most intense in the Western Ukraine,
- in territories largely annexed -- along with the Baltic states
- -- by the Soviet Union under the terms of the 1939
- Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. In republican elections last March,
- supporters of the Rukh movement, an umbrella organization for
- a host of proindependence groups, won a landslide victory in
- the western section. The radicals did not win a majority of
- seats in the republic's parliament, but their bloc of more than
- 100 is sizable enough to prevent the government in Kiev from
- getting a quorum on key votes.
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- In Lvov the town hall, bustling with activity, is
- reminiscent of Lenin's headquarters in the opening days of the
- Bolshevik Revolution. Only this is a revolution against
- communist control. Youths in blue jeans huddle in smoke-filled
- corridors with city council representatives in peasant blouses,
- discussing plans to purge Lvov of emblems, propaganda posters
- and street names that are, in the words of one deputy,
- "trademarks of Soviet power." Busts of Lenin and Marx in two
- wall niches have already been replaced -- by vases.
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- Worried about the radical shift in the western half of the
- republic, authorities in Kiev tried to wrest control of the
- police, transportation, communication and even veterinary
- services from local municipalities on the eve of the elections.
- That has not cowed Lvov's new city council. At a recent
- session, deputies grilled a local official in charge of light
- industry and food production. Why was there so little milk? Why
- were the "bosses" still loading up their cars with scarce goods?
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- "but everything gets sent to the center."
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- The revolt has been further fueled by a tangled religious
- conflict dating back to 1946. In that year Stalin disbanded the
- Eastern-rite Catholic Church in the Western Ukraine, which
- professes allegiance to the Pope, turning over property -- and
- parishioners -- to the Russian Orthodox Church. Ukrainian
- Catholics still await official recognition, but they have taken
- matters into their own hands. Whole Orthodox congregations and
- priests have switched allegiance back to the Vatican.
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- Amid the euphoria that comes from venting long-repressed
- political and religious passions, some nationalists may be
- tempted to believe that independence from Moscow can come with
- a stroke of the pen. But not all. Lvov's mayor, Vasili
- Shpitser, concedes that the Lithuanian crisis illustrates how
- difficult it will be to break economic ties with the center.
- And without economic viability, no republic can be truly
- independent. "All our people really want is to speak their own
- language, worship in their own churches, have something to buy
- in the shops, and live at peace -- without having to ask for
- these rights," Shpitser said. But it is a measure of the
- antipathy felt toward Moscow that many Ukrainians think the
- only way to achieve those modest demands is to recast the
- republic's entire relationship with the Kremlin as swiftly as
- possible.
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